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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">MySQL Cluster</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2004</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">8.4.6

/ July 23, 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-07-23</span>)</span> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">RDBMS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (version 2, with <a href="GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a>) or commercial <a href="EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster">www<wbr>.mysql<wbr>.com<wbr>/products<wbr>/cluster</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>MySQL Cluster</b> , also known as MySQL Ndb Cluster is a technology providing <a href="Shared_nothing_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared nothing architecture">shared-nothing</a> clustering and auto-sharding for the <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a>. It is designed to provide high availability and high throughput with low latency, while allowing for near linear scalability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MySQL Cluster is implemented through the <a href="NDB_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="NDB Cluster">NDB</a> or NDBCLUSTER storage engine for MySQL ("NDB" stands for <b>N</b>etwork <b>D</b>ata<b>b</b>ase).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster is designed around a distributed, multi-master <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> compliant architecture with no <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a>. MySQL Cluster uses automatic <a href="Sharding" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharding">sharding</a> (partitioning) to scale out read and write operations on commodity hardware and can be accessed via SQL and Non-SQL (NoSQL) <a href="API" title="API">APIs</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication">Replication</h3></div>

<p>Internally MySQL Cluster uses <a href="Synchronous_replication" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous replication">synchronous replication</a> through a <a href="Two-phase_commit" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-phase commit">two-phase commit</a> mechanism in order to guarantee that data is written to multiple nodes upon committing the data. Two copies (known as <i>replicas</i>) of the data are required to guarantee availability. MySQL Cluster automatically creates “node groups” from the number of replicas and data nodes specified by the user. Updates are synchronously replicated between members of the node group to protect against data loss and support fast failover between nodes. Cluster replication differs from "MySQL Replication", which is instead <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asynchronous" class="extiw external" title="wikt:asynchronous">asynchronous</a>.

</p><p>It is also possible to replicate asynchronously between clusters; this is sometimes referred to as "MySQL Cluster Replication" or "geographical replication". This is typically used to replicate clusters between data centers for <a href="IT_disaster_recovery" title="IT disaster recovery">IT disaster recovery</a> or to reduce the effects of network latency by locating data physically closer to a set of users. Unlike standard MySQL replication, MySQL Cluster's geographic replication uses <a href="Optimistic_concurrency_control" title="Optimistic concurrency control">optimistic concurrency control</a> and the concept of Epochs to provide a mechanism for conflict detection and resolution,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling active/active clustering between data centers.

</p><p>Starting with MySQL Cluster 7.2, support for synchronous replication between data centers was supported with the Multi-Site Clustering feature.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_data_partitioning_(auto-sharding)">Horizontal data partitioning (auto-sharding)</h3></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster is implemented as a fully distributed multi-master database ensuring updates made by any application or SQL node are instantly available to all of the other nodes accessing the cluster, and each data node can accept write operations.

</p><p>Data within MySQL Cluster (NDB) tables is automatically <a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">partitioned</a> across all of the data nodes in the system. This is done based on a hashing algorithm based on the <a href="Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary key</a> on the <a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a>, and is transparent to the end <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application</a>. Clients can connect to any node in the cluster and have queries automatically access the correct shards needed to satisfy a query or commit a transaction. MySQL Cluster is able to support cross-shard queries and transactions.

</p><p>Users can define their own partitioning schemes. This allows developers to add “distribution awareness” to applications by partitioning based on a sub-key that is common to all rows being accessed by high running transactions. This ensures that data used to complete transactions is localized on the same shard, thereby reducing network hops.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_storage">Hybrid storage</h3></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster allows datasets larger than the capacity of a single machine to be stored and accessed across multiple machines.

</p><p>MySQL Cluster maintains all <a href="Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">indexed</a> columns in distributed memory. Non-indexed columns can also be maintained in distributed memory or can be maintained on <a href="Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">disk</a> with an in-memory <a href="Page_cache" title="Page cache">page cache</a>. Storing non-indexed columns on disk allows MySQL Cluster to store datasets larger than the aggregate memory of the clustered machines.

</p><p>MySQL Cluster writes <a href="Redo_log" title="Redo log">Redo</a> logs to disk for all data changes as well as check pointing data to disk regularly. This allows the cluster to consistently recover from disk after a full cluster outage. As the Redo logs are written <a href="Asynchronous_communication" title="Asynchronous communication">asynchronously</a> with respect to transaction commit, some small number of transactions can be lost if the full cluster fails, however this can be mitigated by using geographic replication or multi-site cluster discussed above. The current default asynchronous write delay is 2 seconds, and is configurable. Normal single point of failure scenarios do not result in any data loss due to the synchronous data replication within the cluster.

</p><p>When a MySQL Cluster table is maintained in memory, the cluster will only access disk storage to write Redo records and checkpoints. As these writes are sequential and limited random access patterns are involved, MySQL Cluster can achieve higher write throughput rates with limited disk hardware compared to a traditional disk-based caching RDBMS. This checkpointing to disk of in-memory table data can be disabled (on a per-table basis) if disk-based persistence isn't needed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_nothing">Shared nothing</h3></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster is designed to have no <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a>. Provided that the cluster is set up correctly, any single node, system, or piece of hardware can fail without the entire cluster failing. Shared disk (<a href="Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">SAN</a>) is not required. The interconnects between nodes can be standard <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a>, <a href="InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a>, or <a href="Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">SCI</a> interconnects.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SQL_and_NoSQL_APIs">SQL and NoSQL APIs</h3></div>

<p>As MySQL Cluster stores tables in data nodes, rather than in the MySQL Server, there are multiple interfaces available to access the database:

</p>

<ul><li>SQL access via the MySQL Server</li>

<li>NoSQL APIs where MySQL Cluster libraries can be embedded into an application to provide direct access to the data nodes without passing through a SQL layer. These include:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/ndbapi/en/ndbmemcache.html">Memcached</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/MySQL/entry/tutorial_getting_started_with_the">Node.js / JavaScript</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MySQL_Cluster_Manager">MySQL Cluster Manager</h3></div>

<p>Part of the commercial MySQL Cluster CGE, MySQL Cluster Manager is a tool designed to simplify the creation and administration of the MySQL Cluster CGE database by automating common management tasks, including on-line scaling, upgrades, backup/restore and reconfiguration. MySQL Cluster Manager also monitors and automatically recovers MySQL Server application nodes and management nodes, as well as the MySQL Cluster data nodes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MySQL_Ndb_Operator">MySQL Ndb Operator</h3></div>

<p>The open source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mysql/mysql-ndb-operator">MySQL Ndb Operator</a> simplifies the deployment and operation of MySQL Cluster on a <a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a> cluster. Ndb Operator deploys containerized MySQL Cluster Data, Management and SQL nodes in a number of StatefulSets with data stored in Persistent Volumes.

Kubernetes mechanisms extend the high availability features of MySQL Cluster, for example automatically restoring HA redundancy after hardware failures by migrating pods to new hardware.

Operating MySQL Cluster on Kubernetes allows a full stack of cloud native software to be operated in the same way on private or public clouds.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NDB_Cluster">NDB Cluster</h3></div>

<p><b>NDB Cluster</b> is the distributed <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> system underlying MySQL Cluster. It can be used independently of a <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> Server with users accessing the Cluster via the NDB API (C++). "NDB" stands for <b>N</b>etwork <b>D</b>ata<b>b</b>ase.

</p><p>From the MySQL Server perspective the NDB Cluster is a <a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">Storage engine</a> for storing <a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">tables</a> of <a href="Record_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Record (database)">rows</a>.

</p><p>From the NDB Cluster perspective, a MySQL Server <a href="Instance_(computer_science)" title="Instance (computer science)">instance</a> is an <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> process connected to the Cluster. NDB Cluster can concurrently support access from other types of API processes including Memcached, JavaScript/Node.JS, Java, JPA and HTTP/REST. All API processes can operate on the same tables and data stored in the NDB Cluster.

</p><p>MySQL Cluster uses the <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> Server to provide the following capabilities on top of Ndb Cluster:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> parsing / optimising / execution capability

<ul><li>Connectors to applications via <a href="JDBC" class="mw-redirect" title="JDBC">JDBC</a>, <a href="ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> etc.</li></ul></li>

<li>Cross-table <a href="Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">join</a> mechanism</li>

<li>User authentication and authorisation</li>

<li>Asynchronous data replication to other systems</li></ul>

<p>All API processes including the MySQL Server use the NDBAPI<sup id="cite_ref-NdbApiDocs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NdbApiDocs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> client library to connect to the NDB Cluster and perform operations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster uses three different types of nodes (processes) :

</p>

<ul><li><b>Data node (ndbd/ndbmtd process)</b>: These nodes store the data. Tables are automatically sharded across the data nodes which also transparently handle load balancing, replication, failover and self-healing.</li>

<li><b>Management node (ndb_mgmd process)</b>: Used for configuration and monitoring of the cluster. They are required only to start or restart a cluster node. They can also be configured as arbitrators, but this is not mandatory (MySQL Servers can be configured as arbitrators instead).<sup id="cite_ref-stephens2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Application node or <b>SQL node (mysqld process)</b>: A MySQL server (mysqld) that connects to all of the data nodes in order to perform data storage and retrieval. This node type is optional; it is possible to query data nodes directly via the NDB API, either natively using the C++ API or one of the additional NoSQL APIs described above.</li></ul>

<p>Generally, it is expected that each node will run on a separate physical host, VM or cloud instance (although it is very common to co-locate Management Nodes with MySQL Servers). For best practice, it is recommended not to co-locate nodes within the same node group on a single physical host (as that would represent a single point of failure).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div>

<p>From the 8.0 release onwards, MySQL Cluster is based directly on the corresponding releases of the MySQL Server. Previously, MySQL Cluster version numbers were decoupled from those of MySQL Server - for example MySQL Cluster 7.6 was based on/contained the server component from MySQL 5.7.

</p><p>Higher versions of MySQL Cluster include all of the features of lower versions, plus some new features.

Currently available versions:

</p>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 9.X Innovation Release series</li>

<li>MySQL Cluster 8.4 LTS based on MySQL 8.4 LTS release</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Add support for TLS on cluster internal connections</dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 8.0 based on MySQL 8.0</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Increase in max row size to 30kB, Support for up to 144 data nodes, Improved distributed filtering and joining, Support for parallel outer joins and semi joins, Improved schema and ACL handling, Online column rename, Simplified configuration, Multithreaded parallel backup and restore, Disk data performance improvements, Enhanced support for 3 and 4 replica configurations, Support for multi socket mesh networking, Support for restore transformations, Improved Blob write performance, Backup encryption, Support for IPv6, Threading autoconfiguration, Improved recovery performance, Improved query multithreading.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.6 based on MySQL 5.7</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Improved restart and recovery times, reduced disk space usage, improved join performance, new import tool, shared memory communication, improved topology awareness for cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>Older versions (no longer in development):

</p>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 8.1 based on MySQL 8.1 Innovation release</li>

<li>MySQL Cluster 8.2 based on MySQL 8.2 Innovation release</li>

<li>MySQL Cluster 8.3 based on MySQL 8.3 Innovation release</li>

<li>MySQL Cluster 7.5 based on MySQL 5.7</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes support for bigger datasets(more than 128TB per node), improved read scalability through read optimized tables, improved SQL support.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.4 based on MySQL 5.6</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes enhanced conflict detection and resolution, improved node restart times, new Event API.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.3 based on MySQL 5.6</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes support for <a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">foreign key</a> constraints, <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> / <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> API and an auto-installer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.2 based on MySQL 5.5</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes Adaptive Query Localization (pushes JOIN operations down to the data nodes), Memcached API, simplified Active/Active Geographic replication, multi-site clustering, data node scalability enhancements, consolidated user privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.1 based on MySQL 5.1.D</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes ClusterJ and ClusterJPA connectors</dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 7.0 based on MySQL 5.1.C</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes multi-threaded data nodes (ndbmtd), Transactional DDL, Windows support.</dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 6.3 based on MySQL 5.1.B</li></ul>

<dl><dd>Includes compressed backup + LCP, circular replication support, conflict detection/resolution, table optimization etc.</dd></dl>

<ul><li>MySQL Cluster 6.2 based on MySQL 5.1.A</li></ul>

<dl><dd>First 'telco' or 'carrier grade edition' release. Supports 255 nodes, online table alter, replication latency and throughput enhancements etc.</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Ndb included in MySQL 5.1.X source tree</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2></div>

<p>For evaluation purposes, it is possible to run MySQL Cluster on a single physical server. For production deployments, the minimum system requirements are for 3 x instances / hosts:

</p>

<ul><li>2 × Data Nodes</li>

<li>1 × Application / Management Node</li></ul>

<p>or

</p>

<ul><li>2 × Data Node + Application</li>

<li>1 × Management Node</li></ul>

<p>Configurations as follows:

</p>

<ul><li>OS: <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>. <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (for development only)</li>

<li>CPU: Intel/AMD x86/x86-64, UltraSPARC</li>

<li>Memory: 1GB</li>

<li>Network: 1+ nodes (Standard Ethernet - TCP/IP)</li></ul>

<p>Tips and recommendations on deploying highly performant, production grade clusters can be found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/mysql_cluster_eval_guide.php">MySQL Cluster Evaluation Guide</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/mysql_wp_cluster_performance.php">Guide to Optimizing Performance of the MySQL Cluster Database</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a> acquired the technology behind MySQL Cluster from Alzato, a small <a href="Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture company</a> started by <a href="Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>. <a href="Ndb_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndb Cluster">NDB</a> was originally designed for the <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecom market</a>, with its <a href="High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> and high performance requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>MySQL Cluster based on the NDB storage engine has since been integrated into the <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> product, with its first release being in MySQL 4.1.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster 7.5 inside and out.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book written by Mikael Ronström, the founder of the NDB technology.

</p><p>Pro MySQL NDB Cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book written by Jesper Wisborg Krogh and Mikiya Okuno, support engineers of MySQL.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2></div>

<p>MySQL Cluster is licensed under the <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPLv</a>2 license. Commercial support is available as part of MySQL Cluster CGE, which also includes non-open source addons such as MySQL Cluster Manager, MySQL Enterprise Monitor, in addition to MySQL Enterprise Security and MySQL Enterprise Audit.

</p>

<ul><li>Galera Cluster,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a generic synchronous multi-master replication library for transactional databases for MySQL and <a href="MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Percona_Server_for_MySQL" title="Percona Server for MySQL">Percona Server for MySQL</a> XtraDB Cluster, also is a combination of Galera replication library and MySQL supporting multi master.</li>

<li>RonDB,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fork of MySQL Cluster maintained by Hopsworks.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql-cluster/8.4/en/">"MySQL NDB Cluster 8.4 Release Notes"</a>. <i>mysql.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOracle_Corporation" class="citation web cs1">Oracle Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/mysql-cluster-benchmarks-1-billion-writes-per-minute/">"MySQL Cluster Benchmarks: Oracle and Intel Achieve 1 Billion Writes per Minute"</a>. <i>mysql.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mysql-cluster-replication-conflict-resolution.html">MySQL :: MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual :: 17.6.11 MySQL Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution</a>. Dev.mysql.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/MySQL/entry/synchronously_replicating_databases_across_data">Synchronously Replicating Databases Across Data Centers – Are you Insane? (Oracle's MySQL Blog)</a>. Blogs.oracle.com (2011-10-03). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NdbApiDocs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NdbApiDocs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/ndbapi/en/index.html">[1]</a> The MySQL Cluster API Developer Guide</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stephens2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stephens2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Stephens, Mike Kruckenberg, Roland Bouman (2007): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrLyM1qNxGcC">"MySQL 5.1 Cluster DBA Certification Study Guide"</a>, pp. 86</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysql-cluster-what-is-new.html">"MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 22.1.4 What is New in NDB Cluster"</a>. <i>dev.mysql.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/mysql/mysql-cluster-76-is-now-generally-available">MySQL Cluster 7.6 is now Generally Available</a>, Oracle's MySQL Blog, 1 June 2018</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/MySQL/entry/mysql_cluster_7_5_is">MySQL Cluster 7.5 Is Now GA!</a>, Oracle's MySQL Blog, 18 October 2016</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/mysql-cluster-7.4.html">MySQL Cluster 7.4 GA: 200 Million QPS, Active-Active Geographic Replication and more</a>, MySQL Cluster 7.4 Summary</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clusterdb.com/mysql-cluster/mysql-cluster-7-3-is-now-ga/">MySQL Cluster 7.3 is now Generally Available – an overview</a>, MySQL Cluster 7.3 Summary</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/mysql-cluster-7.2-ga.html">New features of MySQL Cluster 7.2</a>, MySQL Developer Zone</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_R._Weiss2003" class="citation web cs1">Todd R. Weiss (October 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/86048/MySQL_acquiring_data_management_system_vendor_Alzato">"MySQL acquiring data management system vendor Alzato"</a>. Computerworld.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMikael_Ronström2018" class="citation web cs1">Mikael Ronström (February 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bod.se/bokshop/mysql-cluster-7-5-inside-and-out-mikael-ronstroem-9789176998144">" "MySQL Cluster 7.5 inside and out"</a>. bod.se<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJesper_Wisborg_Krogh,_Mikiya_Okuno2017" class="citation book cs1">Jesper Wisborg Krogh, Mikiya Okuno (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4842-2982-8"><i>Pro MySQL NDB Cluster</i></a>. apress.com. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4842-2982-8">10.1007/978-1-4842-2982-8</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4842-2981-1</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10326666">10326666</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galeracluster.com/products/">Galera Cluster</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logicalclocks.com/blog/comparing-rondb-on-aws-azure-and-gcp-using-sysbench">"RonDB Announcement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MySQL">MySQL</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/index-cluster.html">Official MySQL Cluster Documentation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/ndbapi/en/index.html">MySQL Cluster API Developers' Guide</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnWItDTZL2c">MySQL Cluster Demonstration</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/mysql-cluster-datasheet.pdf">MySQL Cluster Datasheet</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/faq.html">MySQL Cluster FAQ</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYiIwgjcRWI">MySQL Cluster Auto-Installer Tutorial</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/products/cluster/start.html#getting_started">Getting Started with MySQL Cluster</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/white-papers/#en-22-28">MySQL Cluster Whitepapers and Guides</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?25">MySQL Cluster Community Forum</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.48.884">Design and Modelling of a Parallel Data Server for Telecom Applications (1997)</a> Original MySQL Cluster design motivation.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="MySQL_and_MariaDB130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> and <a href="MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li>

<li><a href="MySQL_Enterprise" title="MySQL Enterprise">MySQL Enterprise</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SQL GUI tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MySQL_Workbench" title="MySQL Workbench">MySQL Workbench</a></li>

<li><a href="SQLyog" title="SQLyog">SQLyog</a></li>

<li><a href="PhpMyAdmin" title="PhpMyAdmin">phpMyAdmin</a></li>

<li><a href="HeidiSQL" title="HeidiSQL">HeidiSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Navicat" title="Navicat">Navicat</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_Workbench" title="Database Workbench">Database Workbench</a></li>

<li><a href="DBeaver" title="DBeaver">DBeaver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MyISAM" title="MyISAM">MyISAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Falcon_(storage_engine)" title="Falcon (storage engine)">Falcon</a></li>

<li><a href="InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a></li>

<li><a href="XtraDB" title="XtraDB">XtraDB</a></li>

<li><a href="MySQL_Federated" title="MySQL Federated">MySQL Federated</a></li>

<li><a href="MySQL_Archive" title="MySQL Archive">MySQL Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="TokuDB" title="TokuDB">TokuDB</a></li>

<li><a href="MyRocks" title="MyRocks">MyRocks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedural Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">MySQL Stored Procedures</a> (a variant of <a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">SQL/PSM</a> Standard)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forks and Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drizzle_(database_server)" title="Drizzle (database server)">Drizzle</a></li>

<li><a href="MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Percona_Server_for_MySQL" title="Percona Server for MySQL">Percona</a></li>

<li><a href="WebScaleSQL" title="WebScaleSQL">WebScaleSQL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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